José Ingenieros was an Argentinian physician, pharmaceutic, positivist philosopher and essayist. He was born Giuseppe Ingegneri in Palermo (Italy), and graduated from the University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine in 1900.

Ingenieros wrote a very important philosophical and social thought, "El hombre mediocre" (The Mediocre Man), in 1913. He founded the Buenos Aires Institute of Criminology in 1907 and the Argentine Psychological Society in 1908; and was elected President of the Argentine Medical Association in 1909.

Ingenieros married Eva Rutenberg, from Lausanne, in 1914. Appointed Assistant Dean of the School of Philosophy and Letters of his alma mater, he played a prominent role in the landmark University reform in Argentina, in 1918. He resigned his academic posts in 1919 to join Claridád, a communist organization, and in 1922, formed Unión Latinoamerica, a political action committee focused on anti-imperialism.

He founded a monthly magazine, Renovación, in 1925, but died in Buenos Aires later that year.